Capítulo 1

Erros e tratamentos dos dados analíticos.                                                                                                                   

      11 -  Algarismos significativos                                                                                                                               

      12 -  Erro de uma medida                                                                                                                                       

      13 -  Desvio                                                                                                                                                            

      14 -  Exatidão e precisão                                                                                                                                       

      15 -  Tipos de erros                                                                                                                                               

      16 -  Precisão de uma medida                                                                                                                                

      17 -  Limite de confiança da média                                                                                                                        

      18 -  Teste F para comparar conjuntos de dados                                                                                                 

      19 -  Propagação de erros                                                                                                                                     

      10 -  Rejeição de resultados                                                                                                                                  

               Exercícios                                                                                                                                                      

Capítulo 2

Natureza física dos precipitados.                                                                                                                                 

      1 -    Formação dos precipitados                                                                                                                           

      2 -    Influência das condições de precipitação                                                                                                     

      3 -    Envelhecimento dos precipitados                                                                                                                  

      4 -    Contaminação dos precipitados                                                                                                                    

      5 -    Precipitação de uma solução homogênea                                                                                                     

               Exercícios                                                                                                                                                      

Capítulo 3

Volumetria de neutralização.                                                                                                                                        

      1 -    Acidez, basicidade, pH de soluções aquosas, solução tampão                                                                   

      2 -    Titulação de ácidos fortes com bases fortes                                                                                                

      3 -    Titulação de ácidos fracos com bases fortes                                                                                               

      4 -    Titulação de bases fracas com ácidos fortes                                                                                               

      5 -    Titulação de ácidos polipróticos                                                                                                                    

               Exercícios                                                                                                                                                      

Capítulo 4

Volumetria de precipitação.                                                                                                                                          

      1 -    Construção da curva de titulação                                                                                                                 

      2 -    Fatores que afetam a curva de titulação                                                                                                       

      3 -    Detecção do ponto final                                                                                                                                 

               Exercícios                                                                                                                                                      

Capítulo 5

Volumetria de óxido-redução.                                                                                                                                      

      1 -    O processo de oxidação e redução                                                                                                              

      2 -    As semi-reações                                                                                                                                           

      3 -    Pilhas ou células galvânicas                                                                                                                          

      4 -    Potencial de eletrodo e força eletromotriz de meia-célula                                                                             

      5 -    A equação de Nernst                                                                                                                                    

      6 -    Cálculo do potencial de meia-célula usando os valores de E⁰                                                                      

      7 -    Curvas de titulação                                                                                                                                        

      8 -    Detecção do ponto final                                                                                                                                 

               Comentários                                                                                                                                                   

               Exercícios                                                                                                                                                      

Capítulo 6

Titulações complexométricas.                                                                                                                                      

      1 -    Variação das espécies de EDTA em função do pH da solução aquosa                                                      

      2 -    Curvas de titulação                                                                                                                                        

      3 -    Efeito de tampões e efeitos mascarantes                                                                                                     

      4 -    Indicadores metalocrômicos                                                                                                                          

      5 -    Escolha do titulante                                                                                                                                        

      6 -    Métodos de titulação envolvendo ligantes polidentados                                                                               

               Exercícios                                                                                                                                                      

Conteúdo 7

Técnicas básicas de laboratório.                                                                                                                                 

      1 -    Pesagem e balança analítica                                                                                                                         

               1.1     História da pesagem                                                                                                                            

               1.2     Massa e peso                                                                                                                                      

               1.3     Teoria da pesagem                                                                                                                              

               1.4     Balança de prato único                                                                                                                       

               1.5     Propriedades de uma balança                                                                                                             

               1.6     Erros na pesagem                                                                                                                               

               1.7     Pesagem e cuidados com uma balança de prato único                                                                      

               1.8     Balança analítica eletrônica: um novo conceito na medida de massas                                              

      2 -    Uso dos aparelhos volumétricos                                                                                                                   

               2.1     Provetas ou cilindros graduados                                                                                                        

               2.2     Pipetas                                                                                                                                                 

               2.3     Buretas                                                                                                                                                

               2.4     Balões volumétricos                                                                                                                            

               2.5     Influência da temperatura                                                                                                                    

      3 -    Limpeza dos materiais volumétricos                                                                                                              

               3.1     Soluções de limpeza                                                                                                                           

               3.2     Técnicas de limpeza                                                                                                                            

      4 -    Técnicas usadas em gravimetria                                                                                                                   

               4.1     Preparo de soluções                                                                                                                           

               4.2     Precipitação                                                                                                                                         

               4.3     Digestão                                                                                                                                              

               4.4     Filtração                                                                                                                                               

               4.5     Lavagem                                                                                                                                              

               4.6     Secagem ou calcinação                                                                                                                      

               4.7     Pesagem                                                                                                                                              

Capítulo 8

Práticas de laboratório.                                                                                                                                                 

      1 -    Determinação de água em sólidos                                                                                                                 

      2 -    Aferição de uma pipeta                                                                                                                                 

      3 -    Gravimetria                                                                                                                                                    

               3.1     Análise gravimétrica convencional                                                                                                     

                         3.1.1 - Determinação de ferro                                                                                                             

                         3.1.2 - Determinação de sulfato                                                                                                          

                         3.1.3 - Determinação de cloreto                                                                                                          

                         3.1.4 - Determinação de alumínio com 8-hidroxiquinolina                                                                    

                         3.1.5 - Determinação de magnésio com 8-hidroxiquinolina                                                                 

               3.2     Análise gravimétrica por precipitação a partir de uma solução homogênea             

                         3.2.1 - Determinação de chumbo                                                                                                        

                         3.2.2 - Determinação de níquel                                                                                                            

                         3.2.3 - Determinação de cobre                                                                                                            

                         3.2.4 - Determinação de bário como cromato de bário, usando reação de complexação e deslocamento  

      4 -    Volumetria                                                                                                                                                      

               Procedimento geral a ser seguido em uma determinação  volumétrica                                                         

               4.1     Volumetria ácido-base ou de neutralização                                                                                        

                         4.1.1 - Determinação de ácido clorídrico e ácido acético                                                                   

                         4.1.2 - Análise de leite de magnésia                                                                                                   

                         4.1.3 - Capacidade de neutralização de ácidos por

                                    um comprimido de antiácido                                                                                                     

                         4.1.4 - Determinação de uma base fraca por um ácido forte                                                             

                         4.1.5 - Determinação de ácidos polipróticos                                                                                       

               4.2     Volumetria de precipitação                                                                                                                  

                         4.2.1 - Determinação de cloreto - método de Mohr                                                                             

                         4.2.2 - Determinação de prata - método de Volhard                                                                           

                         4.2.3 - Determinação de cloreto - método de Fajans                                                                          

               4.3     Volumetria de óxido-redução                                                                                                              

                         4.3.1 - Permanganometria                                                                                                                   

                         4.3.2 - Dicromatometria                                                                                                                       

                         4.3.3 - Procedimentos alternativos para a redução de Fe (III)

                                     para Fe (II) com redutores metálicos                                                                                       

                         4.3.4 - Determinações iodométricas                                                                                                    

               4.4     Complexometria                                                                                                                                   

                         4.4.1 - Determinação da dureza da água                                                                                            

                         4.4.2 - Separação por troca iônica de níquel e cobalto

                                     e determinação complexométrica destes metais                                                                    

                         4.4.3 - Determinação de cálcio e magnésio em calcário                                                                     

                         4.4.4 - Determinação de cálcio em leite em pó                                                                                    

                         4.4.5 - Determinação de cálcio e magnésio em cascas de ovos                                                        

                         4.4.6 - Determinação de zinco com EDTA                                                                                           

                         Sugestões para leituras complementares                                                                                           

APÊNDICE 1 - Sistema Internacional de Unidades                                                                                                        

APÊNDICE 2 - Segurança no laboratório e descarte de resíduos químicos                                                                 

APÊNDICE 3 - Tabelas                                                                                                                                                  

ÍNDICE